Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic "addition polymer” made from the combination of propylene monomers. It is used in a variety of applications to include packaging for consumer products, plastic parts for various industries including the automotive industry, special devices like living hinges, and textiles.

Polypropylene has a relatively slippery surface which can make it a possible substitute for plastics like Acetal (POM) in low friction applications like gears or for use as a contact point for furniture.

 Polypropylene also has a low density relative to other common plastics which translates to weight savings for manufacturers and distributors of injection molded Polypropylene parts. It has exceptional resistance at room temperature to organic solvents like fats but is subject to oxidation at higher temperatures (a potential issue during injection molding).

Another advantage of Polypropylene is that it can be easily copolymerized (essentially combined into a composite plastic) with other polymers like polyethylene. Copolymerization changes the material properties significantly, allowing for more robust engineering applications than are possible with pure polypropylene (more of a commodity plastic on its own).

Some of the most significant properties of polypropylene are:

<!-- Chemical Resistance: Diluted bases and acids don’t react readily with polypropylene, which makes it a good choice for containers of such liquids, such as cleaning agents, first-aid products, and more.  

Elasticity and Toughness: Polypropylene will act with elasticity over a certain range of deflection (like all materials), but it will also experience plastic deformation early on in the deformation process, so it is generally considered a "tough" material. Toughness is an engineering term which is defined as a material's ability to deform (plastically, not elastically) without breaking..

Fatigue Resistance: Polypropylene retains its shape after a lot of torsion, bending, and/or flexing. This property is especially valuable for making living hinges.

Insulation: polypropylene has a very high resistance to electricity and is very useful for electronic components.

Transmissivity: Although Polypropylene can be made transparent, it is normally produced to be naturally opaque in color. Polypropylene can be used for applications where some transfer of light is important or where it is of aesthetic value.

RANDOM COPOLYMERS.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 9)

HETEROPHASIC COPOLYMERS.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 9)

HOMOPOLYMER.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 9)

PM PP 1.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 9)

PM PP 2.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 8)

LLDPE is a polyethylene with a density < 965 kg/m, produced by a low pressure process. Polyolefins are produced from olefin (alkene) monomers because the olefins contain a reactive double bond. The starting material, ethylene, is called the monomer and the final product consisting of many thousands of bound ethylene units is called the polymer. Co-monomers (higher alpha olefins such as butene, hexene, octene) are used to control the density and other physical properties Two main techniques are used for the production of LLDPE.

Gas phase polymerisation: A gas phase reactor is essentially a fluidised bed of dry polymer particles maintained either by stirring or by passing gas (ethylene) at high speeds through it. Pressures are usually relatively low at ~2MPa and temperatures are usually in the range of 70-110°C. The molten polymer is mixed with stabilizers and generally extruded into pellets.

 Solution polymerisation: the polymer is produced at relatively low temperature (70-110°C) and low pressure (1 – 5 MPa) in a saturated hydrocarbon medium. The polymer forms suspension or mobile slurry. The reaction medium is removed and the polymer separated from the hydrocarbon inert diluents . The obtained powder is mixed with stabilizers and generally extruded into pellets.

Applications:

• Landfill caps / closures
• Lagoon Liners
• Canal linings
• Pond Liners
• Agriculture Pond Liners
• Mining Heap Leach Pads
• Raw water treatment reservoirs
• Potable water reservoirs
• Retention ponds
• Floating Covers
• Secondary containment for above ground
  storage tanks
• Solutions ponds for mining applications
• Tank linings
• Waste water treatment lagoon

LLDPE.pdf [302.22 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 9)

P(T&J&A.K) LLDPE.pdf [407.98 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 9)

LDPEis the oldest and most mature of the polyethylenes (PE). It is characterised by its short and long chain branching which gives it good clarity and processability although it does not have the strength properties of the other PEs.

Low density polyethylene has good chemical resistance and electrical properties, but it has a high thermal expansion and tends to fail under mechanical and thermal stress.

Glass reinforcement improves its thermal expansion, strength, rigidity and temperature resistance. As with most other polymer systems, the increase in flexural modulus is related to the glass fiber content.

Tensile strength is increased with glass reinforcement, as is flexural strength

Advantages:

 Low cost

 Impact resistant from -40 C to 90 C

 Moisture resistance

 Good chemical resistance

 Food grades available

 Readily processed by all thermoplastic methods

LIMITATIONS:

 High thermal expansion

 Poor weathering resistance

 Subject to stress cracking

 Difficult to bond

 Flammable

 Poor temperature capability

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:

 (LDPE) is used mainly in film applications for both packaging and non-packaging applications. Other markets include extrusion coatings, sheathing in cables and injection molding applications.

Toys, utensils, films, bottles, pipe and processing equipment. Wire and cable insulations

LDPE.pdf [268.57 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 9)

P(Lal) LDPE.pdf [235.09 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 9)

P(B.I&A.S) LDPE.pdf [242.34 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 8)

HDPE (High-density polyethylene) is a thermoplastic derived from petroleum. It is a versatile product with low moisture absorption, excellent impact resistance, high tensile strength, and good chemical and corrosion resistance.HDPE does not splinter, rot, or retain harmful bacteria. It is also recyclable and extremely resistant to the harmful effects of cleaning agents. In addition, HDPE is a relatively inexpensive option for many applications compared to metal or glass.HDPE can be easily cut, machined, and fabricated. It can also be welded and/or mechanically fastened.

APPLICATIONS

Mechanically ground HDPE resins are used to rotationally mold large, complex shaped products such as fuel tanks, trash containers, dump carts, pallets, agricultural tanks, highway barriers and water and waste tanks for RVs. Additionally, HDPE sheet is often extruded with a pebble finish and is used as a cutting board in a variety of industry markets such as meat packing, butchering, and more.

 HDPE.pdf [396.77 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 10)

 P(B.I&T&A.K&M) HDPE.pdf [308.09 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 9)

 Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer with variable crystalline structure and an extremely large range of applications depending on the particular type.

Polyethylene is commonly categorized into one of several major compounds of which the most common include LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE.

 PE is classified as a "thermoplastic” (as opposed to "thermoset”), and the name has to do with the way the plastic responds to heat. Thermoplastic materials become liquid at their melting point (110-130 degrees Celsius in the case of LDPE and HDPE respectively). A major useful attribute about thermoplastics is that they can be heated to their melting point, cooled, and reheated again without significant degradation. Instead of burning, thermoplastics like Polyethylene liquefy, which allows them to be easily [injection molded] and then subsequently recycled.

PST PET B.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 9)

PST PET T.pdf [0 بایت] (حجم: 9)

Bitumen is an oil based substance. It is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced by removing the lighter fractions (such as liquid petroleum gas, petrol and diesel) from heavy crude oil during the refining process. As such, it is correctly known as refined bitumen. Bitumen is commonly known as "asphalt cement” or "asphalt”. While elsewhere, "asphalt” is the term used for a mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen, which is used as a road paving material. The asphalt mixture contains approximately 5% bitumen. At ambient temperatures bitumen is a stable, semi-solid substance.

RP BI-Penetration.pdf [487.96 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 12)

RP BI-Viscosity.pdf [1.07 مگابایت] (حجم: 12)

RP BI-Cutback.pdf [514.16 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 12)

RP BI-Emulsions.pdf [484.02 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 12)

RP BI-Oxidized.pdf [516.36 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 12)

RB BI-PG.pdf [479.45 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 12)  

Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties.

Petroleum jelly is a mixture of hydrocarbons, having a melting point usually within a few degrees of human body temperature, which is approximately 37 °C (99 °F). It is flammable only when heated to liquid; then the fumes will light, not the liquid itself, so a wick material like leaves, bark, or small twigs is needed to ignite petroleum jelly. It is colorless, or of a pale yellow color (when not highly distilled), translucent, and devoid of taste and smell when pure. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. It is insoluble in water.It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and oil of turpentine.

Depending on the specific application of petroleum jelly, it may be USP, B.P., or Ph. Eur. grade. This pertains to the processing and handling of the petroleum jelly so it is suitable for medicinal and personal care applications.

Petroleum jelly is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. The petroleum jelly softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of the glass. Petroleum jelly is used to moisten nondrying modeling clay such as plasticine, as part of a mix of hydrocarbons including those with greater (paraffin wax) and lesser (mineral oil) molecular weights. It is used as a tack reducer additive to printing inks to reduce paper lint "picking" from uncalendared paper stocks. It can be used as a release agent for plaster molds and castings. It is used in the leather industry as a waterproofing cream. It can be used for tinder, lightly coated on a cotton ball. It has been used as a secondary ingredient in a Molotov cocktail, to make the flames stick to any surface they touch and to make large amounts of smoke.

RR PJ.pdf [478.05 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 16)

Residue Wax or "Foots Oil" is the oil sweated out of slack wax. It takes its name from the fact that it goes to the bottom, or foot, of the pan when sweated.

 Wax sweating was originally used to separate wax fractions with various melting points from the wax obtained from oils. Wax sweating is still used to some extent but is being replaced by the more convenient crystallization process. In wax sweating, a cake of slack wax is slowly warmed to a temperature at which the oil in the wax and the lower-melting waxes become fluid and drip (or sweat) from the bottom of the cake, leaving a residue of higher-melting wax.

Sweated waxes generally contain small amounts of unsaturated aromatic and sulfur compounds, which are the source of unwanted color, odor, and taste that reduce the ability of the wax to resist oxidation; the commonly used method of removing these impurities is clay treatment of the molten wax.

 Foots Oil can be used as hydrophobia impregnation material, fuel brick component, raw material for production of grease lubricants, conservation oils and lubricants.

It is used in textile, leather and rubber industries, as petroleum jelly and white oil manufacturing.

RB FO.pdf [468.47 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 15)

RP FO.pdf [464.04 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 14)

Paraffin wax is a white or colorless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil  that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F); its boiling point is >370 °C (698 °F). 

Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles.  It is distinct from kerosene, another petroleum product that is sometimes called paraffin.

Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 °C (115 and 154 °F), and a density of around 900 kg/m³. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily. Its heat of combustion is 42 kJ/g.

The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil.

The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax. The oil is separated through crystallization. Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a Ketone and then cooled. As it is cooled, wax crystallizes out leaving oil in solution. This mixture is filtered into two streams: solid (wax plus some solvent) and liquid (oil and solvent). After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the resulting products are called "product wax" (or "press wax") and "foots oil". The lower the percentage of oil in the wax the more refined it is considered (semi-refined versus fully refined). The product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors. The wax may finally be blended together to give certain desired properties such as melt point and penetration. Paraffin wax is sold in either liquid or solid form. 

RB PW.pdf [498.7 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 13)

RB UPW.pdf [490.77 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 11)

RS PW.pdf [469.54 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 11)

RP PW.pdf [474.76 کیلوبایت] (حجم: 10)